Factors affecting underground mining

Underground mining is the process of extracting useful minerals or other geological resources from deep within the earth's crust by traveling underground. This process typically involves the creation of shafts, tunnels, and mines to provide access to underground ore bodies and the extraction of ore. Underground mining is a widely used mining method, especially for deposits where surface mining is not feasible or economical.
Underground mining is affected by a variety of factors covering technical, economic, social and environmental aspects. The following are some of the major factors affecting underground mining:
Ore body properties: The depth, size, shape and composition of ore bodies directly affect the selection of mining methods and the mining efficiency of ore.
Geological conditions: Geological conditions, including rock type, stratigraphic structure, water table and groundwater quality, have a significant impact on the ease and safety of mining.
Ore grade: The grade (content) of useful minerals contained in an ore determines the economics of mining, with higher-grade ores generally being more attractive.
Technical feasibility: The feasibility and applicability of mining technology, including underground equipment, blasting technology, ventilation systems and mining methods, are directly related to the mining efficiency and cost of the mine.
Underground space: Underground mining requires sufficient space to carry out operations. The geometry of the ore body and the characteristics of the surrounding strata will affect the planning and utilization of underground space.
Underground mining faces multiple environmental challenges involving the physical, chemical and biological aspects of underground mines. Here are some possible impacts of environmental factors on underground mining:
Ventilation and Air Quality: Underground environments may lack fresh air, making ventilation a vital factor. Insufficient ventilation can result in insufficient oxygen and accumulation of toxic gases, posing a threat to the health and safety of miners.
Geological conditions: The geological conditions of underground mines are complex and may involve risks such as hard rock, unstable strata and earthquakes. These conditions have an impact on mine design and mining operations.
Water Problems: Infiltration and accumulation of groundwater can lead to flooding within mines. Effective drainage systems and waterproofing measures are key to preventing water from adversely affecting mining equipment and operations.
Temperature and Humidity: Underground environments can have relatively high temperatures and humidity, which can pose challenges to both worker comfort and the performance of work equipment.
Subsurface Vibration and Noise: Vibrations and noise generated by mining operations can have a negative impact on the underground environment, while also potentially affecting communities above the surface.
Dust and particulate matter: Dust and particulate matter generated during mining processes can have air quality and health impacts. Mining companies are often required to take steps to reduce the generation and spread of dust. 
Ecological Impacts: Underground mining can have negative impacts on surrounding ecosystems, including changes in surface water sources and groundwater vein dynamics, which can lead to loss of vegetation and destruction of plant and animal habitats.
Waste Management: Mining activities generate large amounts of waste, including tailings, slag and waste rock. Effective waste management is an important aspect of ensuring mine sustainability.